Kyle Murphy

Kyle Murphy

Space weather scientist · ML & data science consultant

CV

Space weather scientist and machine-learning consultant with 20+ years of research experience across the University of Alberta, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, and independent consulting. I combine deep domain knowledge of geomagnetic storms, the thermosphere, and the radiation belts with hands-on machine learning and software engineering. I deliver models, tools, and analyses that people can actually use: 100+ peer-reviewed papers, open-source Python packages, and a NASA Early Career Public Achievement Medal.

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Research impact

3,444citations1,968 since 2020
34h-index25 since 2020
73i10-index62 since 2020
108peer-reviewed publications

Source: Google Scholar (updated )

Core expertise

Space weatherStorm-time thermospheric density and satellite drag; orbit-derived density (energy dissipation rate); radiation belts and ULF waves; substorms; ground magnetometers and geoelectric fields
Machine learning & statisticsRandom forests, gradient boosting (XGBoost), hyperparameter optimization (Optuna, grid search), walk-forward and storm-aware cross-validation, feature importance, ARIMA-based ensembles, statistical and superposed-epoch analysis
SoftwarePython (NumPy, pandas, scikit-learn, statsmodels, Dask), Jupyter, Git/GitHub, packaging, testing and CI; Orekit and SPICE for orbit and ephemeris work; Linux
DataSatellite accelerometer density (CHAMP, GRACE), precise orbits (SP3), OMNI solar wind, FISM2 solar EUV, ground magnetometer arrays (CARISMA, IMAGE, THEMIS)
LeadershipProject management, proposal development, mission-concept science, teaching and mentoring, community seminar organization, science communication

Experience

Independent Consultant: Research Scientist, Data Analyst & Project Manager

Feb 2021 – present

Self-employed · Thunder Bay, Ontario

  • Develop machine-learning models of storm-time thermospheric density for satellite-drag applications. Built a random-forest density model (Space Weather, 2025) released as the open-source MLTDM package.
  • Design gradient-boosted forecasting pipelines with per-horizon Optuna tuning, sample weighting, storm-aware walk-forward validation, and physically motivated features from Dst and F10.7.
  • Built CONTIGO, a modular framework that derives effective atmospheric density from spacecraft and constellation orbits, validated against Orekit.
  • Built ml_fw, a reusable ML toolkit for space-weather time series (lagged features, tuning, diagnostics, perturbed-input ensembles for uncertainty).
  • Sped up JB2008 density predictions by ~11x through vectorization and parallelization, enabling large statistical and ML studies.
  • Lead author of the target and science-visibility study for the STORM global-imaging mission concept (2024). Provide research analysis, project management, and proposal development for clients.

Assistant Researcher

2017 – 2021

Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland · contractor at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

  • Led research on radiation-belt electron loss and acceleration, ULF waves, and substorm dynamics using multi-mission satellite and ground-based data.
  • Taught Introduction to Astrophysical Programming (Unix, Python, numerical methods, visualization, Git/GitHub).
  • Received the NASA Early Career Public Achievement Medal (2020) and a NASA Heliophysics Science Division Peer Award (2020).

Researcher

2016 – 2017

Universities Space Research Association

NSERC Postdoctoral Fellow

2014 – 2016

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

  • Independent research program on the global response of the outer radiation belt during geomagnetic storms. NASA Heliophysics Science Division Peer Award (2015).

Research Assistant & Teaching Assistant

2005 – 2014

Department of Physics, University of Alberta

  • Ph.D. and M.Sc. research on ULF waves and substorm onset using ground magnetometer and all-sky imager networks. Developed automated detection methods for auroral breakup.
  • Taught first- and second-year physics labs of up to 60 students, including weekly lectures on scientific analysis, reporting, and computation.

Education

Selected awards

All awards and scholarships
  • NASA Early Career Public Achievement Medal, 2020
  • NASA Heliophysics Science Division Peer Award, 2020
  • NASA Heliophysics Science Division Peer Award, 2015
  • NSERC Postdoctoral Fellowship, 2014
  • Excellence in Science and Technology Public Awareness, 2013
  • Dissertation Fellowship, 2013
  • Andrew Stewart Memorial Graduate Prize, 2012
  • Alberta Innovates, 2011
  • Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Graduate Scholarship, Doctoral, 2009
  • Alberta Ingenuity, 2009
  • President's Doctoral Prize of Distinction, 2009
  • NSERC Canada Graduate Scholarship, Master's, 2007
  • Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship, 2007
  • Department of Physics Entrance Scholarship, 2007
  • Walter H. Johns Graduate Scholarship, 2007
  • J. A. Jacobs Prize in Physics, 2007
  • Vega Prize for Astronomy, 2006
  • Douglas M. Sheppard Memorial Scholarship, 2003
  • Academic Excellence Scholarship, 2002

Teaching

Service & community

Selected publications

  1. Understanding and Modeling the Dynamics of Storm-Time Atmospheric Neutral Density Using Random Forests
    Murphy, K., Halford, A. J., Liu, V., Klenzing, J., Smith, J., Garcia-Sage, K., et al. (2025). Understanding and modeling the dynamics of storm-time atmospheric neutral density using random forests. Space Weather, 23, e2024SW003928. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024SW003928
  2. Target and Science Visibility of the Solar-Terrestrial Observer for the Response of the Magnetosphere (STORM) Global Imaging Mission Concept
    Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 2024
  3. A New Four-Component L*-dependent Model for Radial Diffusion based on Solar Wind and Magnetospheric Drivers of ULF Waves
    Murphy, K. R., Sandhu, J., Rae, I. J., Daggitt, T., Glauert, S., Horne, R. B., et al. (2023). A new four-component L*-dependent model for radial diffusion based on solar wind and magnetospheric drivers of ULF waves. Space Weather, 21, e2023SW003440. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023SW003440
  4. GMAG: An open-source Python package for ground-based magnetometer
    Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 2022
  5. A diagnosis of the plasma waves responsible for the explosive energy release of substorm onset
    Kalmoni, N. M. E., Rae, I. J., Watt, C. E. J., Murphy, K. R., Samara, M., Michell, R. G., et al. (2018). A diagnosis of the plasma waves responsible for the explosive energy release of substorm onset. Nature Communications, 9(1), 4806.
  6. Explaining the apparent impenetrable barrier to ultra-relativistic electrons in the outer Van Allen belt
    Ozeke, L. G., Mann, I. R., Murphy, K. R., Degeling, A. W., Claudepierre, S. G., & Spence, H. E. (2018). Explaining the apparent impenetrable barrier to ultra-relativistic electrons in the outer Van Allen belt. Nature Communications, 9(1), 1844.
  7. Explaining the dynamics of the ultra-relativistic third Van Allen radiation belt
    Mann, I. R., Ozeke, L. G., Murphy, K. R., Claudepierre, S. G., Turner, D. L., Baker, D. N., et al. (2016). Explaining the dynamics of the ultra-relativistic third Van Allen radiation belt. Nature Physics, (June), 1-6.
Full publication list (108 papers)
  1. Quantifying the Effects of Solar Wind Fluctuations on the Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Interaction
    Sibeck, D. G., & Murphy, K. R. (2025). Quantifying the effects of solar wind fluctuations on the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction. Geophysical Research Letters, 52, e2025GL114954. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL114954
  2. Understanding and Modeling the Dynamics of Storm-Time Atmospheric Neutral Density Using Random Forests
    Murphy, K., Halford, A. J., Liu, V., Klenzing, J., Smith, J., Garcia-Sage, K., et al. (2025). Understanding and modeling the dynamics of storm-time atmospheric neutral density using random forests. Space Weather, 23, e2024SW003928. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024SW003928
  3. Diamond Experiment In the MagnetOSphere (DEIMOS): a Collisionless Shocks and Solar Wind Mission Concept for the Lunar Gateway
    Shonibare, T., Murphy, K. R., & Pakhotin, I. P. (2024). Diamond experiment in the magnetosphere (DEIMOS): A collisionless shocks and solar wind mission concept for the Lunar Gateway. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 129, e2024JA032728. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA032728
  4. Derivations of the Total Radiation Belt Electron Content
    Pitzel, J. C., Cully, C. M., Ripoll, J.-F., Loridan, V., Huang, C.-L., Spence, H. E., et al. (2024). Derivations of the total radiation belt electron content. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 129, e2024JA032940. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA032940
  5. Target and Science Visibility of the Solar-Terrestrial Observer for the Response of the Magnetosphere (STORM) Global Imaging Mission Concept
    Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 2024
  6. A survey of EMIC waves in Van Allen Probe data
    Inglis, A. R., Murphy, K. R., & Halford, A. (2024). A Survey of EMIC waves in Van Allen Probe data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 129, e2024JA032666. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA032666
  7. A Feasibility Study of 4-D Tomography of Soft X-ray Magnetosheath Emissivities Using Multi-Spacecraft Measurements
    Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 2024
  8. Persistent pitch angle anisotropies of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belts
    Greeley, A. D., Kanekal, S. G., Schiller, Q., Blum, L., Halford, A., Murphy, K., et al. (2024). Persistent pitch angle anisotropies of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belts. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 129, e2023JA031549. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JA031549
  9. Extreme Birkeland Currents Are More Likely During Geomagnetic Storms on the Dayside of the Earth
    Coxon, J. C., Chisham, G., Freeman, M. P., Forsyth, C., Walach, M.-T., Murphy, K. R., et al. (2023). Extreme Birkeland currents are more likely during geomagnetic storms on the dayside of the Earth. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 128, e2023JA031946. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JA031946
  10. Van Allen Probes Observations of a Three-Dimensional Field Line Resonance at a Plasmaspheric Plume
    Sandhu, J. K., Degeling, A. W., Elsden, T., Murphy, K. R., Rae, I. J., Wright, A. N., et al. (2023). Van Allen Probes observations of a three-dimensional field line resonance at a plasmaspheric plume. Geophysical Research Letters, 50, e2023GL106715. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106715
  11. The Response of Electron Pitch Angle Distributions to the Upper Limit on Stably Trapped Particles
    Walton, S. D., Mann, I. R., Olifer, L., Ozeke, L. G., Forsyth, C., Rae, I. J., et al. (2023). The response of electron pitch angle distributions to the upper limit on stably trapped particles. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 128, e2023JA031988. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JA031988
  12. Intense Energetic Electron Precipitation Caused by the Self-Limiting of Space Radiation
    Olifer, L., Mann, I. R., Ozeke, L. G., Walton, S. D., Breneman, A. W., & Murphy, K. (2023). Intense energetic electron precipitation caused by the self-limiting of space radiation. Geophysical Research Letters, 50, e2023GL105392. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL105392
  13. Beyond AMPERE-NEXT: Envisioning the Next System of Global High-Latitude Electrodynamics
    Vines, S., Anderson, B., Waters, C. L., Allen, R. C., Maute, A., Kunduri, B., … Gang, L. (2023). Beyond AMPERE-NEXT: Envisioning the Next System of Global High-Latitude Electrodynamics. Bulletin of the AAS, 55(3). https://doi.org/10.3847/25c2cfeb.76348bf9
  14. Imaging the End-to-End Dynamics of the Global Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Interaction
    Sibeck, D., Murphy, K., Porter, F. S., Walsh, B., Connor, H., Kuntz, K., … Henderson, M. (2023). Imaging the End-to-End Dynamics of the Global Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Interaction. Bulletin of the AAS, 55(3). https://doi.org/10.3847/25c2cfeb.9b87eed9
  15. Understanding quiet and storm time EMIC waves – Van Allen Probes Results
    Remya, B., Halford, A. J., Sibeck, D. G., Murphy, K. R., & Fok, M.-C. (2023). Understanding quiet and storm time EMIC waves—Van Allen Probes results. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 128, e2023JA031712. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JA031712
  16. A New Four-Component L*-dependent Model for Radial Diffusion based on Solar Wind and Magnetospheric Drivers of ULF Waves
    Murphy, K. R., Sandhu, J., Rae, I. J., Daggitt, T., Glauert, S., Horne, R. B., et al. (2023). A new four-component L*-dependent model for radial diffusion based on solar wind and magnetospheric drivers of ULF waves. Space Weather, 21, e2023SW003440. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023SW003440
  17. Quantifying the global solar wind-magnetosphere interaction with the Solar-Terrestrial Observer for the Response of the Magnetosphere (STORM) mission concept
    Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 2023
  18. Statistical Characterization of the Dynamic Near-Earth Plasma Sheet Relative to Ultra-Low Frequency (ULF) Wave Growth at Substorm Onset
    Smith, A. W., Rae, I. J., Forsyth, C., Watt, C. E. J., & Murphy, K. R. (2023). Statistical characterization of the dynamic near-Earth plasma sheet relative to Ultra-Low Frequency (ULF) wave growth at substorm onset. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 128, e2022JA030491. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030491
  19. Superposed epoch analysis using time-normalization: A Python tool for statistical event analysis
    Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 2022
  20. GMAG: An open-source Python package for ground-based magnetometer
    Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 2022
  21. Temporal variability of quasi-linear pitch-angle diffusion
    Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 2022
  22. AuroraX, PyAuroraX, and aurora-asi-lib: A user-friendly auroral all-sky imager analysis framework
    Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 2022
  23. What are the fundamental modes of energy transfer and partitioning in the coupled Magnetosphere-Ionosphere system?
    Rae, J., Forsyth, C., Dunlop, M. et al. What are the fundamental modes of energy transfer and partitioning in the coupled Magnetosphere-Ionosphere system?. Exp Astron 54, 391–426 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-022-09861-w
  24. Proton aurora and relativistic electron microbursts scattered by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves
    Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 2022
  25. Statistical Comparison of Electron Loss and Enhancement in the Outer Radiation Belt During Storms
    Walton, S. D., Forsyth, C., Rae, I. J., Meredith, N. P., Sandhu, J. K., Walach, M.-T., & Murphy, K. R. (2022). Statistical comparison of electron loss and enhancement in the outer radiation belt during storms. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 127, e2021JA030069. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA030069
  26. Resolving Magnetopause Shadowing Using Multimission Measurements of Phase Space Density
    Staples, F. A., Kellerman, A., Murphy, K. R., Rae, I. J., Sandhu, J. K., & Forsyth, C. (2022). Resolving magnetopause shadowing using multimission measurements of phase space density. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 127, e2021JA029298. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029298
  27. Imaging the magnetosphere-ionosphere system with ground-based and in-situ magnetometers
    Murphy, K. R., Bentley, S. N., Miles, D., Sandhu, J. K., & Smith, A. (2022). Imaging the magnetosphere-ionosphere system with ground-based and in-situ magnetometers. In Y. Collado-Vega, D. Gallagher, H. Frey, & S. Wing (Eds.), Magnetospheric Imaging: Understanding the Space Environment through Global Measurements (pp. 287-340). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820630-0.00002-7
  28. Can Earth's Magnetotail Plasma Sheet Produce a Source of Relativistic Electrons for the Radiation Belts?
    Turner, D. L., Cohen, I. J., Michael, A., Sorathia, K., Merkin, S., Mauk, B. H., et al. (2021). Can Earth's magnetotail plasma sheet produce a source of relativistic electrons for the radiation belts? Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2021GL095495. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095495
  29. Association of Auroral Streamers and Bursty Bulk Flows during Different States of the Magnetotail: A Case Study
    Ferdousi B., J. Reader, E. Zesta, W. Cramer, K. Murphy, Association of Auroral Streamers and Bursty Bulk Flows during Different States of the Magnetotail: A Case Study, J. Geophys. Res., accepted.
  30. A Strong Correlation Between Relativistic Electron Microbursts and Patchy Aurora
    Shumko et al. 2021, On the Unexpected Correlation Between Relativistic1Electron Microbursts and Patchy Pulsating Aurora, Geophys. Res. Lett., accepted.
  31. Association of Auroral Streamers and Bursty Bulk Flows during Different States of the Magnetotail: A Case Study
    Shumko et al. 2021, On the Unexpected Correlation Between Relativistic1Electron Microbursts and Patchy Pulsating Aurora, Geophys. Res. Lett., accepted.
  32. Association of Auroral Streamers and Bursty Bulk Flows during Different States of the Magnetotail: A Case Study
    Ferdousi B., J. Reader, E. Zesta, W. Cramer, K. Murphy, Association of Auroral Streamers and Bursty Bulk Flows during Different States of the Magnetotail: A Case Study, J. Geophys. Res., accepted.
  33. The Roles of the Magnetopause and Plasmapause in Storm-Time ULF Wave Power Enhancements
    Sandhu, J. K., Rae, I. J., Staples, F. A., Hartley, D. P., Walach, M.-T., Elsden, T., & Murphy, K. R. (2021). The roles of the magnetopause and plasmapause in storm-time ULF wave power enhancements. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 126, e2021JA029337.
  34. Diagnosing the Time-Dependent Nature of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling via ULF Waves at Substorm Onset
    Smith, A. W., Rae, I. J., Forsyth, C., Watt, C. E. J., Murphy, K. R., & Mann, I. R. (2020). Diagnosing the time-dependent nature of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling via ULF waves at substorm onset. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 125, e2020JA028573.
  35. Driving of Outer Belt Electron Loss by Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Structures: Analysis of Balloon and Satellite Data
    Breneman, A. W., Halford, A. J., Millan, R. M., Woodger, L. A., Zhang, X.-J., Sandhu, J. K., et al. (2020). Driving of outer belt electron loss by solar wind dynamic pressure structures: Analysis of balloon and satellite data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 125, e2020JA028097.
  36. Inner Magnetospheric ULF Waves: The Occurrence and Distribution of Broadband and Discrete Wave Activity
    Murphy, K. R., Inglis, A. R., Sibeck, D. G., Watt, C. E. J., & Rae, I. J. (2020). Inner magnetospheric ULF waves: The occurrence and distribution of broadband and discrete wave activity. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 125, e2020JA027887.
  37. A Framework for Understanding and Quantifying the Loss and Acceleration of Relativistic Electrons in the Outer Radiation Belt During Geomagnetic Storms
    Murphy, K. R., Mann, I. R., Sibeck, D. G., Rae, I. J., Watt, C. E. J., Ozeke, L. G., et al. (2020). A Framework for Understanding and Quantifying the Loss and Acceleration of Relativistic Electrons in the Outer Radiation Belt During Geomagnetic Storms. Space Weather, 18(5).
  38. Do Statistical Models Capture the Dynamics of the Magnetopause During Sudden Magnetospheric Compressions?
    Staples, F. A., Rae, I. J., Forsyth, C., Smith, A. R. A., Murphy, K. R., Raymer, K. M., et al. (2020). Do Statistical Models Capture the Dynamics of the Magnetopause During Sudden Magnetospheric Compressions? Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 125(4).
  39. On the Magnetospheric ULF Wave Counterpart of Substorm Onset
    Smith, A. W., Rae, I. J., Forsyth, C., Watt, C. E. J., & Murphy, K. R. (2020). On the Magnetospheric ULF Wave Counterpart of Substorm Onset. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 125(4).
  40. Rapid Outer Radiation Belt Flux Dropouts and Fast Acceleration During the March 2015 and 2013 Storms: The Role of Ultra-Low Frequency Wave Transport From a Dynamic Outer Boundary
    Ozeke, L. G., Mann, I. R., Olifer, L., Dufresne, K. Y., Morley, S. K., Claudepierre, S. G., et al. (2020). Rapid Outer Radiation Belt Flux Dropouts and Fast Acceleration During the March 2015 and 2013 Storms: The Role of Ultra-Low Frequency Wave Transport From a Dynamic Outer Boundary. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 125(2).
  41. Ultra-Low-Frequency Wave-Particle Interactions
    Mann, I. R., Ozeke, L. G., Degeling, A., Murphy, K. R., and Rankin, R. (2019). Ultra-Low-Frequency Wave-Particle Interactions in Mandea, M., Korte, M., Yau, A., & Petrovsky, E. (Eds.), pages 190-194. Geomagnetism, aeronomy and space weather : A journey from the earth's core to the sun.
  42. Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling and Ionospheric Dynamics during Storms and Substorms: Role of Alfven Waves
    Mann, I. R. , Pakhotin, I. P. , Rae, I. J. , Murphy, K. R. , Ozeke, L. G., Knudsen, D. J., Kale, A., and Milling, D. K. (2019). Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling and Ionospheric Dynamics during Storms and Substorms: Role of Alfven Waves in Mandea, M., Korte, M., Yau, A., & Petrovsky, E. (Eds.), pages 229-250. Geomagnetism, aeronomy and space weather : A journey from the earth's core to the sun.
  43. How Do Ultra-Low Frequency Waves Access the Inner Magnetosphere During Geomagnetic Storms?
    Rae, I. J., Murphy, K. R., Watt, C. E. J., Sandhu, J. K., Georgiou, M., Degeling, A. W., et al. (2019). How do Ultra-Low Frequency waves access the inner magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms? Geophysical Research Letters, 699-709.
  44. Substorm-Ring Current Coupling: A Comparison of Isolated and Compound Substorms
    Sandhu, J. K., Rae, I. J., Freeman, M. P., Gkioulidou, M., Forsyth, C., Reeves, G. D., et al. (2019). Substorm-Ring Current Coupling: A Comparison of Isolated and Compound Substorms. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124(8), 6776-6791.
  45. Capturing Uncertainty in Magnetospheric Ultralow Frequency Wave Models
    Bentley, S. N., Watt, C. E. J., Rae, I. J., Owens, M. J., Murphy, K., Lockwood, M., & Sandhu, J. K. (2019). Capturing Uncertainty in Magnetospheric Ultralow Frequency Wave Models. Space Weather, 17(4), 599-618.
  46. The March 2015 Superstorm Revisited: Phase Space Density Profiles and Fast ULF Wave Diffusive Transport
    Ozeke, L. G., Mann, I. R., Claudepierre, S. G., Henderson, M., Morley, S. K., Murphy, K. R., et al. (2019). The March 2015 Superstorm Revisited: Phase Space Density Profiles and Fast ULF Wave Diffusive Transport. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124(2).
  47. The Large Scale Structure and Dynamics of the Magnetosphere, in Magnetospheres in the solar system
    Sibeck, D.G. and Murphy, K.R. (2021). Large-Scale Structure and Dynamics of the Magnetosphere. In Magnetospheres in the Solar System (eds R. Maggiolo, N. André, H. Hasegawa, D.T. Welling, Y. Zhang and L.J. Paxton).
  48. A diagnosis of the plasma waves responsible for the explosive energy release of substorm onset
    Kalmoni, N. M. E., Rae, I. J., Watt, C. E. J., Murphy, K. R., Samara, M., Michell, R. G., et al. (2018). A diagnosis of the plasma waves responsible for the explosive energy release of substorm onset. Nature Communications, 9(1), 4806.
  49. Long-Lasting Poloidal ULF Waves Observed by Multiple Satellites and High-Latitude SuperDARN Radars
    Shi, X., Baker, J. B. H., Ruohoniemi, J. M., Hartinger, M. D., Murphy, K. R., Rodriguez, J. V., et al. (2018). Long-Lasting Poloidal ULF Waves Observed by Multiple Satellites and High-Latitude SuperDARN Radars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123(10).
  50. Determining the Mode, Frequency, and Azimuthal Wave Number of ULF Waves During a HSS and Moderate Geomagnetic Storm
    Murphy, K. R., Inglis, A. R., Sibeck, D. G., Rae, I. J., Watt, C. E. J., Silveira, M., et al. (2018). Determining the Mode, Frequency, and Azimuthal Wave Number of ULF Waves During a HSS and Moderate Geomagnetic Storm. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123(8).
  51. Ion Injection Triggered EMIC Waves in the Earth's Magnetosphere
    Remya, B., Sibeck, D. G., Halford, A. J., Murphy, K. R., Reeves, G. D., Singer, H. J., et al. (2018). Ion Injection Triggered EMIC Waves in the Earth's Magnetosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123(6).
  52. Explaining the apparent impenetrable barrier to ultra-relativistic electrons in the outer Van Allen belt
    Ozeke, L. G., Mann, I. R., Murphy, K. R., Degeling, A. W., Claudepierre, S. G., & Spence, H. E. (2018). Explaining the apparent impenetrable barrier to ultra-relativistic electrons in the outer Van Allen belt. Nature Communications, 9(1), 1844.
  53. The Global Statistical Response of the Outer Radiation Belt During Geomagnetic Storms
    Murphy, K. R., Watt, C. E. J., Mann, I. R., Jonathan Rae, I., Sibeck, D. G., Boyd, A. J., et al. (2018). The Global Statistical Response of the Outer Radiation Belt During Geomagnetic Storms. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(9), 3783-3792.
  54. The Role of Localized Compressional Ultra-low Frequency Waves in Energetic Electron Precipitation
    Jonathan Rae, I., Murphy, K. R., Watt, C. E. J., Halford, A. J., Mann, I. R., Ozeke, L. G., et al. (2018). The Role of Localized Compressional Ultra-low Frequency Waves in Energetic Electron Precipitation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123(3), 1900-1914.
  55. Reply to The dynamics of Van Allen belts revisited
    Mann, I. R., Ozeke, L. G., Morley, S. K., Murphy, K. R., Claudepierre, S. G., Turner, D. L., et al. (2018). Reply to The dynamics of Van Allen belts revisited. Nature Physics, 14(2).
  56. Diagnosing the Role of Alfven Waves in Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling: Swarm Observations of Large Amplitude Nonstationary Magnetic Perturbations During an Interval of Northward IMF
    Pakhotin, I. P., Mann, I. R., Lysak, R. L., Knudsen, D. J., Gjerloev, J. W., Rae, I. J., et al. (2018). Diagnosing the Role of Alfvén Waves in Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling: Swarm Observations of Large Amplitude Nonstationary Magnetic Perturbations During an Interval of Northward IMF. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123(1).
  57. Using ultra-low frequency waves and their characteristics to diagnose key physics of substorm onset
    Rae, I. J., Murphy, K. R., Watt, C. E. J., Mann, I. R., Yao, Z., Kalmoni, N. M. E., et al. (2017, December 1). Using ultra-low frequency waves and their characteristics to diagnose key physics of substorm onset. Geoscience Letters. SpringerOpen.
  58. Electron Drift Resonance in the MHD-Coupled Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Model
    Komar, C. M., Glocer, A., Hartinger, M. D., Murphy, K. R., Fok, M.-C., & Kang, S.-B. (2017). Electron Drift Resonance in the MHD-Coupled Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 122(12).
  59. The parameterization of wave-particle interactions in the Outer Radiation Belt
    Watt, C. E. J., Rae, I. J., Murphy, K. R., Anekallu, C., Bentley, S. N., & Forsyth, C. (2017). The parameterization of wave-particle interactions in the Outer Radiation Belt. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 122(9), 9545-9551.
  60. An explanation of auroral intensification during the substorm expansion phase
    Yao, Z., Rae, I. J., Lui, A. T. Y., Murphy, K. R., Owen, C. J., Pu, Z. Y., et al. (2017). An explanation of auroral intensification during the substorm expansion phase. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 122(8).
  61. Tracking patchy pulsating aurora through all-sky images
    Grono, E., Donovan, E., & Murphy, K. R. (2017). Tracking patchy pulsating aurora through all-sky images. Annales Geophysicae, 35(4), 777-784.
  62. Comparative study of large-scale auroral signatures of substorms, steady magnetospheric convection events, and sawtooth events
    Walach, M. T., Milan, S. E., Murphy, K. R., Carter, J. A., Hubert, B. A., & Grocott, A. (2017). Comparative study of large-scale auroral signatures of substorms, steady magnetospheric convection events, and sawtooth events. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics.
  63. A comparison of small-scale magnetic fluctuations in the Region 1 and 2 field-aligned current systems
    Wu, J., Bryant, M. S., Ridley, C. G., Shen, Y., Yang, L., Clausen, L. B. N., et al. (2017). A comparison of small-scale magnetic fluctuations in the region 1 and 2 field-aligned current systems. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics.
  64. Ultra-relativistic radiation belt extinction and ULF wave radial diffusion: Modeling the September 2014 extended dropout event
    Ozeke, L. G., Mann, I. R., Murphy, K. R., Sibeck, D. G., & Baker, D. N. (2017). Ultra-relativistic Radiation Belt Extinction and ULF Wave Radial Diffusion: Modeling the September 2014 Extended Dropout Event. Geophysical Research Letters, (September), 1-10.
  65. Statistical azimuthal structuring of the substorm onset arc: Implications for the onset mechanism
    Kalmoni, N. M. E., Rae, I. J., Murphy, K. R., Forsyth, C., Watt, C. E. J., & Owen, C. J. (2017). Statistical azimuthal structuring of the substorm onset arc: Implications for the onset mechanism. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(5), 2078-2087.
  66. Effects of ULF wave power on relativistic radiation belt electrons: 8-9 October 2012 geomagnetic storm
    Pokhotelov, D., Rae, I. J., Murphy, K. R., & Mann, I. R. (2016). Effects of ULF wave power on relativistic radiation belt electrons: 8-9 October 2012 geomagnetic storm. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 121(12), 11,766-11,779.
  67. Explaining the dynamics of the ultra-relativistic third Van Allen radiation belt
    Mann, I. R., Ozeke, L. G., Murphy, K. R., Claudepierre, S. G., Turner, D. L., Baker, D. N., et al. (2016). Explaining the dynamics of the ultra-relativistic third Van Allen radiation belt. Nature Physics, (June), 1-6.
  68. Accurately characterizing the importance of wave-particle interactions in radiation belt dynamics: The pitfalls of statistical wave representations
    Murphy, K. R., Mann, I. R., Rae, I. J., Sibeck, D. G., & Watt, C. E. J. (2016). Accurately characterizing the importance of wave-particle interactions in radiation belt dynamics: The pitfalls of statistical wave representations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 121(8), 7895-7899.
  69. What effect do substorms have on the content of the radiation belts?
    Forsyth, C., Rae, I. J., Murphy, K. R., Freeman, M. P., Huang, C. L., Spence, H. E., et al. (2016). What effect do substorms have on the content of the radiation belts? Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 121(7), 6292-6306.
  70. On the dependence of storm time ULF wave power on magnetopause location: Impacts for ULF wave radial diffusion
    Murphy, K. R., Mann, I. R., & Sibeck, D. G. (2015). On the dependence of storm-time ULF wave power on magnetopause location: Impacts for ULF wave radial diffusion. Geophysical Research Letters, 42(22), 9676-9684.
  71. Statistical characterization of the growth and spatial scales of the substorm onset arc
    Kalmoni, N. M. E., Rae, I. J., Watt, C. E. J., Murphy, K. R., Forsyth, C., & Owen, C. J. (2015). Statistical characterization of the growth and spatial scales of the substorm onset arc. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 120(10), 8503-8516.
  72. Empirical modeling of 3-D force-balanced plasma and magnetic field structures during substorm growth phase
    Yue, C., Wang, C., Nishimura, Y., Murphy, K. R., Xing, X., Lyons, L., et al. (2015). Empirical modeling of 3-D force-balanced plasma and magnetic field structures during substorm growth phase. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 120(8), 6496-6513.
  73. The influence of solar wind variability on magnetospheric ULF wave power
    Pokhotelov, D., Rae, I. J., Murphy, K. R., & Mann, I. R. (2015). The influence of solar wind variability on magnetospheric ULF wave power. Annales Geophysicae, 33(6), 697-701.
  74. The CASSIOPE/e-POP Magnetic Field Instrument (MGF)
    Miles, D. M., Mann, I. R., Ciurzynski, M., Barona, D., Narod, B. B., Bennest, J. R., et al. (2016). A miniature, low-power scientific fluxgate magnetometer: A stepping-stone to cube-satellite constellation missions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 121(12), 11,839-11,860.
  75. BARREL observations of an ICME-shock impact with the magnetosphere and the resultant radiation belt electron loss
    Halford, A. J., Mcgregor, S. L., Murphy, K. R., Millan, R. M., Hudson, M. K., Woodger, L. A., et al. (2015). BARREL observations of an ICME-shock impact with the magnetosphere and the resultant radiation belt electron loss.
  76. Inner magnetospheric onset preceding reconnection and tail dynamics during substorms: Can substorms initiate in two different regions?
    Murphy, K. R., Mann, I. R., Rae, I. J., Walsh, A. P., & Frey, H. U. (2014). Inner magnetospheric onset preceding reconnection and tail dynamics during substorms: Can substorms initiate in two different regions? Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 119(12), 9684-9701.
  77. Modeling cross L shell impacts of magnetopause shadowing and ULF wave radial diffusion in the Van Allen belts
    Ozeke, L. G., Mann, I. R., Turner, D. L., Murphy, K. R., Degeling, A. W., Rae, I. J., & Milling, D. K. (2014). Modeling cross L shell impacts of magnetopause shadowing and ULF wave radial diffusion in the Van Allen belts. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(19), 6556-6562.
  78. ULF waves, ring current dynamics, wave particle interactions, Dst, radial diffusion
    Murphy, K. R., Mann, I. R., & Ozeke, L. G. (2014). A ULF wave driver of ring current energization. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(19), 6595-6602. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061253
  79. Field line resonances as a trigger and a tracer for substorm onset
    Rae, I. J., Murphy, K. R., Watt, C. E. J., Rostoker, G., Rankin, R., Mann, I. R., et al. (2014). Field line resonances as a trigger and a tracer for substorm onset. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 119(7), 5343-5363.
  80. Analytic expressions for ULF wave radiation belt radial diffusion coefficients
    Ozeke, L. G., Mann, I. R., Murphy, K. R., Jonathan Rae, I., & Milling, D. K. (2014). Analytic expressions for ULF wave radiation belt radial diffusion coefficients. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 119(3), 1587-1605.
  81. Automated determination of auroral breakup during the substorm expansion phase using all-sky imager data
    Murphy, K. R., Miles, D. M., Watt, C. E. J., Rae, I. J., Mann, I. R., & Frey, H. U. (2014). Automated determination of auroral breakup during the substorm expansion phase using all-sky imager data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 119(2), 1414-1427.
  82. Spatial localization and ducting of EMIC waves: Van Allen Probes and ground-based observations
    Mann, I. R., Usanova, M. E., Murphy, K., Robertson, M. T., Milling, D. K., Kale, A., et al. (2014). Spatial localization and ducting of EMIC waves: Van Allen Probes and ground-based observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(3), 785-792.
  83. In situ spatiotemporal measurements of the detailed azimuthal substructure of the substorm current wedge
    Forsyth, C., Fazakerley, A. N., Rae, I. J., Watt, C. E. J. J., Murphy, K., Wild, J. A., et al. (2014). In situ spatiotemporal measurements of the detailed azimuthal substructure of the substorm current wedge. Journal of Geophysical Research A: Space Physics, 119(2), 927-946.
  84. The detailed spatial structure of field-aligned currents comprising the substorm current wedge
    Murphy, K. R., Mann, I. R., Rae, I. J., Waters, C. L., Frey, H. U., Kale, A., et al. (2013). The detailed spatial structure of field-aligned currents comprising the substorm current wedge. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 118(12), 7714-7727.
  85. Comment on Formation of substorm Pi2: A coherent response to auroral streamers and currents by Y. Nishimura et al.
    Rae, I. J., Murphy, K. R., Miles, D. M., Watt, C. E. J., & Mann, I. R. (2013). Comment on Formation of substorm Pi2: A coherent response to auroral streamers and currents by Y. Nishimura et al. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 118(6), 3488-3496.
  86. Magnetospheric convection and magnetopause shadowing effects in ULF wave-driven energetic electron transport
    Degeling, A. W., Rankin, R., Murphy, K., & Rae, I. J. (2013). Magnetospheric convection and magnetopause shadowing effects in ULF wave-driven energetic electron transport. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 118(6), 2919-2927.
  87. The correlation of ULF waves and auroral intensity before, during and after substorm expansion phase onset
    Rae, I. J., Watt, C. E. J., Murphy, K. R., Frey, H. U., Ozeke, L. G., Milling, D. K., & Mann, I. R. (2012). The correlation of ULF waves and auroral intensity before, during and after substorm expansion phase onset. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 117(8), 1-12.
  88. Reduction in field-aligned currents preceding and local to auroral substorm onset
    Murphy, K. R., Mann, I. R., Rae, I. J., Waters, C. L., Anderson, B. J., Milling, D. K., et al. (2012). Reduction in field-aligned currents preceding and local to auroral substorm onset. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(15), 1-6.
  89. Ground-based magnetometer determination of in situ Pc4-5 ULF electric field wave spectra as a function of solar wind speed
    Rae, I. J., Mann, I. R., Murphy, K. R., Ozeke, L. G., Milling, D. K., Chan, A. A., et al. (2012). Ground-based magnetometer determination of in situ Pc4-5 ULF electric field wave spectra as a function of solar wind speed. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 117(4), 1-17.
  90. ULF wave derived radiation belt radial diffusion coefficients
    Ozeke, L. G., Mann, I. R., Murphy, K. R., Rae, I. J., Milling, D. K., Elkington, S. R., et al. (2012). ULF wave derived radiation belt radial diffusion coefficients. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 117(4), 1-16.
  91. ULF wave-driven radial diffusion simulations of the outer radiation belt, in Dynamics of the Earth's Radiation Belts and Inner Magnetosphere
    Ozeke, L. G., Mann, I. R., Murphy, K. R., Rae, I. J., & Chan, A. A. (2013). ULF Wave-Driven Radial Diffusion Simulations of the Outer Radiation Belt. In Geophysical Monograph Series (Vol. 199, pp. 139-150).
  92. The Role of Ultralow Frequency Waves in Radiation Belt Dynamics
    Mann, I. R., Murphy, K. R., Ozeke, L. G., Rae, I. J., Milling, D. K., Kale, A. A., & Honary, F. F. (2013). The Role of Ultralow Frequency Waves in Radiation Belt Dynamics. In Geophysical Monograph Series (Vol. 199, pp. 69-92).
  93. Ultralow-frequency modulation of whistler-mode wave growth
    Watt, C. E. J., Degeling, a. W., Rankin, R., Murphy, K. R., Rae, I. J., & Singer, H. J. (2011). Ultralow-frequency modulation of whistler-mode wave growth. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 116(10), 1-13.
  94. Dependence of ground-based Pc5 ULF wave power on F10.7 solar radio flux and solar cycle phase
    Murphy, K. R., Mann, I. R., Rae, I. J., & Milling, D. K. (2011). Dependence of ground-based Pc5 ULF wave power on F10.7 solar radio flux and solar cycle phase. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 73(11-12), 1500-1510.
  95. The dependence of Pi2 waveforms on periodic velocity enhancements within bursty bulk flows
    Murphy, K. R., Rae, I. J., Mann, I. R., Walsh, A. P., Milling, D. K., & Kale, A. (2011). The dependence of Pi2 waveforms on periodic velocity enhancements within bursty bulk flows. Annales Geophysicae, 29(3), 493-509.
  96. On the nature of ULF wave power during nightside auroral activations and substorms: 2. Temporal evolution
    Rae, I. J., Murphy, K. R., Watt, C. E. J., & Mann, I. R. (2011). On the nature of ULF wave power during nightside auroral activations and substorms: 2. Temporal evolution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 116(A5).
  97. On the nature of ULF wave power during nightside auroral activations and substorms: 1. Spatial distribution
    Murphy, K. R., Rae, I. J., Mann, I. R., & Milling, D. K. (2011). On the nature of ULF wave power during nightside auroral activations and substorms: 1. Spatial distribution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 116(1), 1-12.
  98. Comprehensive ground-based and in situ observations of substorm expansion phase onset
    Walsh, A. P., Rae, I. J., Fazakerley, A. N., Murphy, K. R., Mann, I. R., Watt, C. E. J., et al. (2010). Comprehensive ground-based and in situ observations of substorm expansion phase onset. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 115(12), 1-15.
  99. Optical characterization of the growth and spatial structure of a substorm onset arc
    Rae, I. J., Watt, C. E. J., Mann, I. R., Murphy, K. R., Samson, J. C., Kabin, K., & Angelopoulos, V. (2010). Optical characterization of the growth and spatial structure of a substorm onset arc. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 115(10), 1-10.
  100. Timing and localization of near-Earth tail and ionospheric signatures during a substorm onset
    Gabrielse, C., Angelopoulos, V., Runov, a., Frey, H. U., McFadden, J., Larson, D. E., et al. (2009). Timing and localization of near-Earth tail and ionospheric signatures during a substorm onset. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 114(1), 1-14.
  101. Reply to comment by K. Liou and Y.-L. Zhang on Wavelet-based ULF wave diagnosis of substorm expansion phase onset
    Murphy, K. R., Rae, I. J., Mann, I. R., Walsh, A. P., Milling, D. K., Watt, C. E. J., et al. (2009). Reply to comment by K. Liou and Y.-L. Zhang on Wavelet-based ULF wave diagnosis of substorm expansion phase onset. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114(A10), A10207.
  102. Near-Earth initiation of a terrestrial substorm
    Rae, I. J., Mann, I. R., Angelopoulos, V., Murphy, K. R., Milling, D. K., Kale, A., et al. (2009). Near-Earth initiation of a terrestrial substorm. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 114(7), 1-9.
  103. Ground-based Pc5 ULF wave power: Solar wind speed and MLT dependence
    Pahud, D. M., Rae, I. J., Mann, I. R., Murphy, K. R., & Amalraj, V. (2009). Ground-based Pc5 ULF wave power: Solar wind speed and MLT dependence. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 71(10-11), 1082-1092.
  104. THEMIS observation of a substorm event on 04:35, 22 February 2008
    Liu, J., Angelopoulos, V., Frey, H., McFadden, J., Larson, D., Glassmeier, K., et al. (2009). THEMIS observation of a substorm event on 04:35, 22 February 2008. Annales Geophysicae, 27(5), 1831-1841.
  105. Wavelet-based ULF wave diagnosis of substorm expansion phase onset
    Murphy, K. R., Jonathan Rae, I., Mann, I. R., Milling, D. K., Watt, C. E. J., Ozeke, L., et al. (2009). Wavelet-based ULF wave diagnosis of substorm expansion phase onset. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 114(2), 1-15.
  106. Timing and localization of ionospheric signatures associated with substorm expansion phase onset
    Rae, I. J., Mann, I. R., Murphy, K. R., Milling, D. K., Parent, A., Angelopoulos, V., et al. (2009). Timing and localization of ionospheric signatures associated with substorm expansion phase onset. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 114(1), 1-15.
  107. The Upgraded CARISMA Magnetometer Array in the THEMIS Era
    Mann, I. R., Milling, D. K., Rae, I. J., Ozeke, L. G., Kale, A., Kale, Z. C., et al. (2008). The Upgraded CARISMA Magnetometer Array in the THEMIS Era. Space Science Reviews, 141(1-4), 413-451.
  108. Ionospheric localisation and expansion of long-period Pi1 pulsations at substorm onset
    Milling, D. K., Rae, I. J., Mann, I. R., Murphy, K. R., Kale, A., Russell, C. T., et al. (2008). Ionospheric localisation and expansion of long-period Pi1 pulsations at substorm onset. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(17), 1-5.

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